Grade 11 : Biology - Morphology of Plants (Set 4)

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Grade 11 : Biology - Morphology of Plants (Set 4)— Questions & Detailed Solutions

Root Type Primary Function Example Plant
P) Prop roots 1) Respiration in swampy areas i) Sugarcane
Q) Stilt roots 2) Mechanical support from stem nodes ii) Banyan tree
R) Pneumatophores 3) Mechanical support from pillar-like branches iii) Rhizophora
Which of the following correctly matches the Root Type, its Primary Function, and the Example Plant?

Root Type	Primary Function	Example Plant
P) Prop roots	1) Respiration in swampy areas	i) Sugarcane
Q) Stilt roots	2) Mechanical support from stem nodes	ii) Banyan tree
R) Pneumatophores	3) Mechanical support from pillar-like branches	iii) Rhizophora

(A)

P-2-i, Q-3-ii, R-1-iii

(B)

P-3-ii, Q-2-i, R-1-iii

(C)

P-3-i, Q-1-iii, R-2-ii

(D)

P-1-iii, Q-2-ii, R-3-i

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (B)

Explanation: Prop roots arise from heavy horizontal branches to provide pillar-like mechanical support as seen in Banyan tree (P-3-ii). Stilt roots arise from the lower nodes of the stem to provide support in Maize and Sugarcane (Q-2-i). Pneumatophores grow vertically upward for oxygen exchange in swampy mangrove plants like Rhizophora (R-1-iii).

[Underground Stem Modifications]:
- Type 1: Grows horizontally under soil with nodes and internodes (e.g., Ginger)
- Type 2: Swollen tip of underground stem branch storing starch (e.g., Potato)
- Type 3: Short vertical swollen stem base with nodes (e.g., Colocasia)
- Type 4: Reduced disc-shaped stem surrounded by fleshy scale leaves (e.g., Onion)
Select the correct sequence of stem modification types for (1), (2), (3), and (4).

(A)

Rhizome, Tuber, Corm, Bulb

(B)

Tuber, Rhizome, Bulb, Corm

(C)

Rhizome, Corm, Tuber, Bulb

(D)

Bulb, Tuber, Rhizome, Corm

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (A)

Explanation: Ginger is a Rhizome (horizontal underground stem). Potato is a Stem Tuber (swollen stem tip). Colocasia is a Corm (condensed vertical stem). Onion is a Bulb (reduced stem disc surrounded by fleshy leaves).

A student observed three different potted plants in the botanical garden:
- Plant A has a single leaf arising at each node in an alternate manner.
- Plant B has a pair of leaves arising at each node opposite to each other.
- Plant C has more than two leaves arising at a single node forming a whorl.
Which set of plants correctly represents the pattern of phyllotaxy for Plant A, Plant B, and Plant C respectively?

(A)

Guava, Mustard, Alstonia

(B)

Alstonia, Guava, Mustard

(C)

Mustard, Guava, Alstonia

(D)

Mustard, Alstonia, Guava

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (C)

Explanation: Alternate phyllotaxy (Plant A) is observed in Mustard, China rose, and Sunflower. Opposite phyllotaxy (Plant B) is found in Guava and Calotropis. Whorled phyllotaxy (Plant C) is present in Alstonia.

Feature Inflorescence X Inflorescence Y
Main Axis Growth Continues to grow indefinitely Terminates in a flower
Flower Opening Order Acropetal succession Basipetal succession
Identify Inflorescence X and Inflorescence Y based on the structural characteristics in the table.

Feature	Inflorescence X	Inflorescence Y
Main Axis Growth	Continues to grow indefinitely	Terminates in a flower
Flower Opening Order	Acropetal succession	Basipetal succession

(A)

X = Racemose, Y = Cymose

(B)

X = Cymose, Y = Racemose

(C)

X = Verticillaster, Y = Hypanthodium

(D)

X = Cyathium, Y = Racemose

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (A)

Explanation: In racemose inflorescence (X), the main axis continues to grow continuously and flowers are borne laterally in acropetal succession (oldest at base, youngest at apex). In cymose inflorescence (Y), the main axis terminates in a flower, limiting growth, and flowers are arranged in basipetal order.

Statement I: Flowers of Cassia and Gulmohar can be divided into two similar halves only in one particular vertical plane.
Statement II: Flowers that can be divided into two equal radial halves in any radial plane passing through the centre are called actinomorphic.
Analyze both statements and choose the correct conclusion.

(A)

Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.

(B)

Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

(C)

Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect.

(D)

Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (D)

Explanation: Cassia and Gulmohar exhibit zygomorphic (bilateral) symmetry, meaning they can be divided into equal halves only along a single vertical plane (Statement I is correct). Actinomorphic flowers exhibit radial symmetry (Statement II is correct).

[Floral Position Setup]:
The margin of the thalamus grows upward enclosing the ovary completely and getting fused with it, while other floral parts (sepals, petals, stamens) arise above the ovary.
Which condition of the ovary is described, and in which of the following plants is it found?

(A)

Superior ovary; Mustard

(B)

Inferior ovary; Cucumber

(C)

Half-inferior ovary; Plum

(D)

Superior ovary; Peach

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (B)

Explanation: In epigynous flowers, the margin of the thalamus grows upward, fusing completely with the ovary, making the ovary inferior while other floral whorls lie above it. Examples include Cucumber, Guava, and ray florets of Sunflower.

[Petal Arrangement Pattern]:
Five petals: One large upper petal (standard) overlaps two lateral petals (wings), which in turn overlap two smallest anterior petals (keel).
Identify the type of aestivation described and the family it uniquely characterizes.

(A)

Vexillary aestivation; Fabaceae

(B)

Imbricate aestivation; Solanaceae

(C)

Valvate aestivation; Liliaceae

(D)

Twisted aestivation; Malvaceae

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (A)

Explanation: Vexillary (papilionaceous) aestivation consists of 5 petals: a large standard (vexillum), two lateral wings (alae), and two fused keel (carina) petals. This is a characteristic feature of Family Fabaceae.

A botanical researcher sectioned the ovaries of two unknown plants:
- Plant 1 shows ovules attached to a central axis in a multilocular ovary with septa.
- Plant 2 shows ovules borne on a central axis without any septa in a unilocular ovary.
Identify the types of placentation observed in Plant 1 and Plant 2 respectively.

(A)

Parietal and Marginal

(B)

Axile and Parietal

(C)

Axile and Free Central

(D)

Free Central and Axile

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (C)

Explanation: Axile placentation (Plant 1) has ovules attached to a central column in a multilocular ovary (e.g., Tomato, Lemon, China rose). Free central placentation (Plant 2) has ovules on the central axis without septa (e.g., Dianthus, Primrose).

Stamen Cohesion / Adhesion Term Structural Description
1) Epipetalous Stamens attached to petals
2) Epiphyllous Stamens attached to perianth (tepals)
3) Monadelphous Stamens united into a single bundle
4) Diadelphous Stamens united into two bundles
Which of the following plant examples correctly corresponds to terms (1), (2), (3), and (4) in order?

Stamen Cohesion / Adhesion Term	Structural Description
1) Epipetalous	Stamens attached to petals
2) Epiphyllous	Stamens attached to perianth (tepals)
3) Monadelphous	Stamens united into a single bundle
4) Diadelphous	Stamens united into two bundles

(A)

Lily, Brinjal, Pea, China rose

(B)

Brinjal, Lily, China rose, Pea

(C)

China rose, Pea, Brinjal, Lily

(D)

Pea, Brinjal, Lily, China rose

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (B)

Explanation: Epipetalous = Brinjal (Solanaceae). Epiphyllous = Lily (Liliaceae). Monadelphous = China rose. Diadelphous = Pea (Fabaceae, 9+1 arrangement).

Q10

A student dissected a Mango fruit and a Coconut fruit to compare their pericarp layers. Both fruits develop from monocarpellary superior ovaries and are classified as drupes.
Which statement correctly contrasts the mesocarp of Mango with that of Coconut?

(A)

Mango has a fibrous mesocarp, while Coconut has a fleshy edible mesocarp.

(B)

Both Mango and Coconut have hard stony mesocarps.

(C)

Mango has a stony mesocarp, while Coconut has a membranous epicarp.

(D)

Mango has a fleshy, edible mesocarp, while Coconut has a fibrous mesocarp.

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (D)

Explanation: In drupes (Mango and Coconut), the pericarp is differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. Mango has a thin epicarp, a fleshy edible mesocarp, and a hard stony endocarp. Coconut has a fibrous mesocarp.

Q11

[Monocot Seed Structure]:
- Structure A: Proteinaceous outer layer of the endosperm.
- Structure B: Shield-shaped single large cotyledon.
- Structure C: Protective sheath covering the radical.
- Structure D: Protective sheath covering the plumule.
Select the option that correctly labels Structures A, B, C, and D in a Maize grain.

(A)

A: Aleurone layer, B: Scutellum, C: Coleorhiza, D: Coleoptile

(B)

A: Scutellum, B: Aleurone layer, C: Coleoptile, D: Coleorhiza

(C)

A: Aleurone layer, B: Scutellum, C: Coleoptile, D: Coleorhiza

(D)

A: Endosperm, B: Scutellum, C: Epicotyl, D: Hypocotyl

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (A)

Explanation: In monocot seeds like Maize, the aleurone layer (A) surrounds the endosperm. The shield-shaped cotyledon is the scutellum (B). The radicle is enclosed in coleorhiza (C) and the plumule in coleoptile (D).

Q12

$$\text{\% } \mathbf{\underline{K}_{(5)} C_{1+2+(2)} A_{(9)+1} G_{1}}$$
What does the symbol $\text{%}$ represent in this floral formula, and which family does this formula belong to?

(A)

Actinomorphic symmetry; Solanaceae

(B)

Asymmetric structure; Liliaceae

(C)

Zygomorphic symmetry; Fabaceae

(D)

Epigynous condition; Asteraceae

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (C)

Explanation: The symbol $\text{%}$ denotes a zygomorphic (bilateral symmetry) flower. The floral formula given corresponds to Family Fabaceae, featuring 5 fused sepals $\text{K}_{(5)}$, vexillary corolla $\text{C}_{1+2+(2)}$, diadelphous stamens $\text{A}_{(9)+1}$, and a superior monocarpellary ovary $\mathbf{\underline{G}}_{1}$.

Q13

Characteristic Feature Matrix for Family X:
- Persistent calyx (sepals do not fall off)
- Swollen placenta with oblique septum
- Epipetalous stamens with stamens numbering 5
- Berry or capsule fruit
Identify Family X and choose the representative economic plant belonging to this family.

(A)

Fabaceae; Pisum sativum (Pea)

(B)

Solanaceae; Solanum melongena (Brinjal)

(C)

Liliaceae; Allium cepa (Onion)

(D)

Brassicaceae; Brassica campestris (Mustard)

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (B)

Explanation: Family Solanaceae (potato family) is characterized by persistent calyx, swollen oblique placenta, epipetalous stamens (5), and berry/capsule fruits. Brinjal, Tomato, Potato, and Chili belong to Solanaceae.

Q14

$$\oplus \; \mathbf{\underline{P}_{(3+3)} A_{3+3} G_{(3)}}$$
Which family is represented by the given floral formula, and what is its characteristic perianth feature?

(A)

Liliaceae; Tepals arranged in two whorls of 3 each, often united

(B)

Solanaceae; Distinct calyx and corolla whorls of 5 each

(C)

Fabaceae; Calyx with 5 sepals and polypetalous corolla

(D)

Poaceae; Calyx reduced to lodicules with single stamen

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (A)

Explanation: The floral formula represents Family Liliaceae (monocot family). Sepals and petals are not distinct; instead, a perianth composed of 6 tepals arranged as $P_{(3+3)}$ is present along with 6 stamens $A_{3+3}$ and a tricarpellary syncarpous superior ovary $\mathbf{\underline{G}}_{(3)}$.

Q15

A student compares two tendril-bearing plants:
- Plant 1: Tendrils arise from modified leaves/leaflets (e.g., Sweet pea).
- Plant 2: Tendrils arise from modified axillary buds (e.g., Cucumber, Grapevine).
From a morphological point of view, how are the tendrils in Plant 1 and Plant 2 categorized?

(A)

Both are stem modifications (Analogous structures).

(B)

Both are leaf modifications (Homologous structures).

(C)

Plant 1 tendril is a stem modification; Plant 2 tendril is a leaf modification.

(D)

Plant 1 tendril is a leaf modification; Plant 2 tendril is a stem modification.

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (D)

Explanation: In sweet pea, leaf parts modify into tendrils for climbing (leaf modification). In cucumber/grapevine, axillary buds modify into slender coiling tendrils (stem modification). Both perform climbing functions but differ in origin.

Q16

Modification Organ Origin Primary Function Example
Thorns Axillary Bud Protection against herbivores Citrus, Bougainvillea
Spines Leaf / Leaf part Protection and reduced transpiration Opuntia, Cactus
Based on the table above, why are Thorns of Citrus and Spines of Opuntia considered morphologically different despite performing similar protective functions?

Modification	Organ Origin	Primary Function	Example
Thorns	Axillary Bud	Protection against herbivores	Citrus, Bougainvillea
Spines	Leaf / Leaf part	Protection and reduced transpiration	Opuntia, Cactus

(A)

Thorns originate from roots, whereas spines originate from stem nodes.

(B)

Thorns are modified stem structures (axillary buds), while spines are modified leaves.

(C)

Thorns contain photosynthetic tissue, whereas spines do not.

(D)

Thorns are non-vascular, whereas spines contain true xylem and phloem.

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (B)

Explanation: Thorns are hard, woody, pointed modified stems arising from axillary buds (e.g., Citrus, Bougainvillea). Spines are modified leaf structures designed to restrict transpiration and deter herbivores (e.g., Opuntia).

Q17

A plant growing in an arid environment develops a flattened, green, fleshy stem that carries out photosynthesis, while its leaves are reduced to spines.
What is this stem modification called, and how does it differ from a cladode?

(A)

Phylloclade; It has unlimited growth with many nodes/internodes (e.g., Opuntia).

(B)

Phyllode; It is a modification of the petiole rather than the stem.

(C)

Stolon; It grows laterally above soil level.

(D)

Sucker; It arises from underground main stem.

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (A)

Explanation: A phylloclade is a green, photosynthetic stem modification of unlimited growth containing multiple nodes and internodes (as seen in Opuntia and Euphorbia). A cladode is a phylloclade limited to only one or two internodes (e.g., Asparagus).

Q18

Statement 1: Reticulate venation is generally characteristic of dicotyledonous leaves.
Statement 2: Parallel venation is generally characteristic of monocotyledonous leaves.
Statement 3: Smilax (a monocot) shows reticulate venation, and Calophyllum (a dicot) shows parallel venation.
Which of the statements above are correct regarding leaf venation patterns and their exceptions?

(A)

Only Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct.

(B)

Only Statement 1 is correct.

(C)

All three statements (1, 2, and 3) are correct.

(D)

Only Statement 3 is correct.

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (C)

Explanation: Reticulate venation is typical of dicots and parallel venation of monocots. However, exceptions exist: Smilax (monocot) exhibits reticulate venation, while Calophyllum (dicot) exhibits parallel venation. All three statements are correct.

Q19

[Floral Whorl Assessment Table]:
- Plant A: Calyx 5, Corolla 5, Stamens 10 (epipetalous), Ovary superior, 1-locular.
- Plant B: Perianth 6 (3+3), Stamens 6 (3+3), Ovary superior, 3-locular syncarpous.
- Plant C: Calyx 5 (fused), Corolla 5 (fused), Stamens 5 (epipetalous), Ovary superior with swollen placenta.
Identify the plant families matching Plant A, Plant B, and Plant C respectively.

(A)

Plant A = Fabaceae, Plant B = Liliaceae, Plant C = Solanaceae

(B)

Plant A = Solanaceae, Plant B = Fabaceae, Plant C = Liliaceae

(C)

Plant A = Liliaceae, Plant B = Solanaceae, Plant C = Fabaceae

(D)

Plant A = Brassicaceae, Plant B = Fabaceae, Plant C = Solanaceae

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (A)

Explanation: Plant A has 10 stamens and 1-locular superior ovary (Fabaceae). Plant B has 3+3 perianth/stamens and 3-locular syncarpous ovary (Liliaceae). Plant C has 5 fused petals, epipetalous stamens, and swollen placenta (Solanaceae).

Q20

An angiosperm flower has the following features:
1. Actinomorphic radial symmetry.
2. Hypogynous attachment (superior ovary).
3. Valvate aestivation in calyx.
4. Persistent calyx in fruit.
5. Bicarpellary syncarpous ovary with many endospermic seeds.
Which of the following medicinal or economic plants possesses all these features?

(A)

Lupin (Fabaceae)

(B)

Ashwagandha (Solanaceae)

(C)

Gloriosa (Liliaceae)

(D)

Indigofera (Fabaceae)

View Correct Answer & Detailed Solution

✓ Correct Option: (B)

Explanation: The features (actinomorphic, hypogynous, valvate calyx, persistent calyx, bicarpellary syncarpous, endospermic seeds) define Family Solanaceae. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is an important medicinal plant in Solanaceae.

Grade 11 : Biology - Morphology of Plants (Set 4)

Grade 11 : Biology - Morphology of Plants (Set 4)— Questions & Detailed Solutions

Feature Inflorescence X Inflorescence Y
Main Axis Growth Continues to grow indefinitely Terminates in a flower
Flower Opening Order Acropetal succession Basipetal succession
Identify Inflorescence X and Inflorescence Y based on the structural characteristics in the table.

[Floral Position Setup]:
The margin of the thalamus grows upward enclosing the ovary completely and getting fused with it, while other floral parts (sepals, petals, stamens) arise above the ovary.
Which condition of the ovary is described, and in which of the following plants is it found?

[Petal Arrangement Pattern]:
Five petals: One large upper petal (standard) overlaps two lateral petals (wings), which in turn overlap two smallest anterior petals (keel).
Identify the type of aestivation described and the family it uniquely characterizes.

A student dissected a Mango fruit and a Coconut fruit to compare their pericarp layers. Both fruits develop from monocarpellary superior ovaries and are classified as drupes.
Which statement correctly contrasts the mesocarp of Mango with that of Coconut?

$$\text{\% } \mathbf{\underline{K}_{(5)} C_{1+2+(2)} A_{(9)+1} G_{1}}$$
What does the symbol $\text{%}$ represent in this floral formula, and which family does this formula belong to?

Characteristic Feature Matrix for Family X:
- Persistent calyx (sepals do not fall off)
- Swollen placenta with oblique septum
- Epipetalous stamens with stamens numbering 5
- Berry or capsule fruit
Identify Family X and choose the representative economic plant belonging to this family.

$$\oplus \; \mathbf{\underline{P}_{(3+3)} A_{3+3} G_{(3)}}$$
Which family is represented by the given floral formula, and what is its characteristic perianth feature?

A student compares two tendril-bearing plants:
- Plant 1: Tendrils arise from modified leaves/leaflets (e.g., Sweet pea).
- Plant 2: Tendrils arise from modified axillary buds (e.g., Cucumber, Grapevine).
From a morphological point of view, how are the tendrils in Plant 1 and Plant 2 categorized?

A plant growing in an arid environment develops a flattened, green, fleshy stem that carries out photosynthesis, while its leaves are reduced to spines.
What is this stem modification called, and how does it differ from a cladode?

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Grade 11 : Biology - Morphology of Plants (Set 4)

Grade 11 : Biology - Morphology of Plants (Set 4)— Questions & Detailed Solutions

FeatureInflorescence XInflorescence YMain Axis GrowthContinues to grow indefinitelyTerminates in a flowerFlower Opening OrderAcropetal successionBasipetal successionIdentify Inflorescence X and Inflorescence Y based on the structural characteristics in the table.

[Floral Position Setup]:The margin of the thalamus grows upward enclosing the ovary completely and getting fused with it, while other floral parts (sepals, petals, stamens) arise above the ovary.Which condition of the ovary is described, and in which of the following plants is it found?

[Petal Arrangement Pattern]:Five petals: One large upper petal (standard) overlaps two lateral petals (wings), which in turn overlap two smallest anterior petals (keel).Identify the type of aestivation described and the family it uniquely characterizes.

A student dissected a Mango fruit and a Coconut fruit to compare their pericarp layers. Both fruits develop from monocarpellary superior ovaries and are classified as drupes.Which statement correctly contrasts the mesocarp of Mango with that of Coconut?

$$\text{\% } \mathbf{\underline{K}_{(5)} C_{1+2+(2)} A_{(9)+1} G_{1}}$$What does the symbol $\text{%}$ represent in this floral formula, and which family does this formula belong to?

Characteristic Feature Matrix for Family X:- Persistent calyx (sepals do not fall off)- Swollen placenta with oblique septum- Epipetalous stamens with stamens numbering 5- Berry or capsule fruitIdentify Family X and choose the representative economic plant belonging to this family.

$$\oplus \; \mathbf{\underline{P}_{(3+3)} A_{3+3} G_{(3)}}$$Which family is represented by the given floral formula, and what is its characteristic perianth feature?

A student compares two tendril-bearing plants:- Plant 1: Tendrils arise from modified leaves/leaflets (e.g., Sweet pea).- Plant 2: Tendrils arise from modified axillary buds (e.g., Cucumber, Grapevine).From a morphological point of view, how are the tendrils in Plant 1 and Plant 2 categorized?

A plant growing in an arid environment develops a flattened, green, fleshy stem that carries out photosynthesis, while its leaves are reduced to spines.What is this stem modification called, and how does it differ from a cladode?

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Feature Inflorescence X Inflorescence Y
Main Axis Growth Continues to grow indefinitely Terminates in a flower
Flower Opening Order Acropetal succession Basipetal succession
Identify Inflorescence X and Inflorescence Y based on the structural characteristics in the table.

[Floral Position Setup]:
The margin of the thalamus grows upward enclosing the ovary completely and getting fused with it, while other floral parts (sepals, petals, stamens) arise above the ovary.
Which condition of the ovary is described, and in which of the following plants is it found?

[Petal Arrangement Pattern]:
Five petals: One large upper petal (standard) overlaps two lateral petals (wings), which in turn overlap two smallest anterior petals (keel).
Identify the type of aestivation described and the family it uniquely characterizes.

A student dissected a Mango fruit and a Coconut fruit to compare their pericarp layers. Both fruits develop from monocarpellary superior ovaries and are classified as drupes.
Which statement correctly contrasts the mesocarp of Mango with that of Coconut?

$$\text{\% } \mathbf{\underline{K}_{(5)} C_{1+2+(2)} A_{(9)+1} G_{1}}$$
What does the symbol $\text{%}$ represent in this floral formula, and which family does this formula belong to?

Characteristic Feature Matrix for Family X:
- Persistent calyx (sepals do not fall off)
- Swollen placenta with oblique septum
- Epipetalous stamens with stamens numbering 5
- Berry or capsule fruit
Identify Family X and choose the representative economic plant belonging to this family.

$$\oplus \; \mathbf{\underline{P}_{(3+3)} A_{3+3} G_{(3)}}$$
Which family is represented by the given floral formula, and what is its characteristic perianth feature?

A student compares two tendril-bearing plants:
- Plant 1: Tendrils arise from modified leaves/leaflets (e.g., Sweet pea).
- Plant 2: Tendrils arise from modified axillary buds (e.g., Cucumber, Grapevine).
From a morphological point of view, how are the tendrils in Plant 1 and Plant 2 categorized?

A plant growing in an arid environment develops a flattened, green, fleshy stem that carries out photosynthesis, while its leaves are reduced to spines.
What is this stem modification called, and how does it differ from a cladode?